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This lesson is 3 in a series of 5 that expertly and fully delivers all the points within the NEW KS3 specification SoW on the “light” topic. I find that this powerpoint and its interesting activities keep lower level students engaged during the lesson while allowing differentiation for higher achievers. I’m sure you’ll find it useful. For more lessons designed to meet the new KS3 and KS4 specifications please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. STARTER Pupils will start the lessons by thinking/working in pairs to solve a picture puzzle to find out what today’s lesson is about. After revealing the title and lesson outcomes students self assess against their current understanding of this topic. Next there is a scientific literacy Q&A activity to ensure all students learn the key words required to understand this lesson. MAIN The slides then move on to lead the students into understanding refraction. TTN is introduced as a means of working out whether refraction with bend light towards or away from the normal. Students then undertake an activity and apply TTN to predict the way the light bends at various boundaries between various mediums, they then self-assess using the answers provided. MAIN Next, the lesson focuses on two types of lenses, concave and convex. Diagrams are clear and help get the key points across succinctly and accurately. Students are shown incident rays into a concave lens and then try to predict and draw the ray diagram for the refracted rays. MAIN Students do a class practical with ray boxes and glass blocks to investigate refraction. Students share their results and observations and then undertake a quiz to bring out the key points from the experiment. MAIN Students do a gap fill activity – this can be differentiated by providing or not providing the missing words, they then and self-assess or peer assess using the answers provided. MAIN Refractive index is introduced and students undertake some calculations based around refractive index. This is peer-assessed using the model answers provided. PLENARY Each student self-assesses versus each of the objectives and marks their progress on their progress bars. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES A variety of activities are provided just in case any of your groups requires them either this year or in future years. All resources are included in this great lesson, there is nothing for you to do but order the equipment for the class practical (simply hand your technician the printed off kit list.doc). Thank you for looking, your feedback is much appreciated! :) Lesson 3 in a series of 5. Happy teaching, Barclayfox.

This is a series of 5 lessons that expertly and fully delivers all the points within the NEW KS3 specification SoW on the light topic. These PowerPoints and their varied and interesting activities keep lower ability students engaged while allowing differentiation for higher ability. I’m sure you’ll find them very useful. For more lessons designed to meet the new KS3 and KS4 specifications please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. ACTIVITIES: Practical experiments, demonstrations, anagrams, picture puzzles, differentiation, gap fills, matching activities, up and about, self and peer assessment, quizzes, videos, questioning, literacy etc etc etc. All answers are provided. Great variety, fun and engaging. SPECIFICATION POINTS – COVERS ALL OF KS3 LIGHT SPEC - SOME ARE LISTED BELOW: * Light travels in straight lines. * Light travels much faster than sound. * Speed of light. * Calculations of speed. * We see things because they reflect light into our eyes. * Shadows are formed when light is blocked by an object. * Recall how fast light travels. * Investigate whether light travels in straight lines. * Understand reflections, absorption and scatter. * Understand “refraction” is when light changes direction and speed as it enters another medium. * Work well as a team member during a “refraction” experiment. * How lenses correct our sight * Refractive index – and calculations * How can we show all the colours that make up white light? * Predict the colour that results when different colours are added together * How do coloured filters affect white light? * Understand that different colours are caused by light waves having different “frequencies”. * Be able to name the parts of the eye. * Understand the “function” of parts of the eye * etc etc etc All resources are included in these great lessons, there is nothing for you to do but print the activity sheets (if required) give the kit lists to your technicians and enjoy teaching it. Thank you for looking, your feedback would be much appreciated! :) Happy teaching, Barclayfox.

I find that this PowerPoint and its varied and interesting activities keep lower level students engaged while allowing differentiation for higher achievers – see below for details. I’m sure you’ll find it useful. This lesson is 5 in a series of 5 that fully delivers all the points within the NEW KS3 specification SoW on the “light” topic. For more lessons designed to meet the new KS3 and KS4 specifications please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. STARTER Pupils become engaged in the lessons by thinking/working in pairs to solve 5 anagrams to find out what today’s lesson is about (you could offer a prize for the winners). After revealing the title and lesson outcomes students self assess against their current understanding of this topic. Next there is a scientific literacy Q and A activity to ensure all students learn the key words required to understand this lesson. MAIN Homework is set and then students use the activity sheet (built into the PowerPoint – you just print it out) to work in pairs and label different parts of the eye, differentiation - higher ability explain the function of the parts. This can be self or peer assessed using the answers on the slide in the PowerPoint. MAIN Students undertake a matching activity to match the names of parts of the eye to their functions. This can be peer marked, and returned so that students can correct any errors / improve their work. MAIN Students recall the colours in the spectrum of white light, and this is developed into looking at the frequencies of the light and the relationship between colour and frequency. A gap fill activity promotes understanding of several key points and is self-assessed. MAIN Students watch a (carefully selected) short video that explain how our eyes see colour and then they have fun watching another video that tests their individual ability to see colours. PLENARY Students answer 5 questions by matching and then self-assess their understanding of the desired outcomes of today’s lesson now they have reached the end of the lesson. They compare their final understanding to their previously self-assessed understanding at the start of the lesson. Students who need further support set themselves homework to improve their learning of the content covered today. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES A variety of activities are provided just in case any of your groups requires them either this year or in future years. All resources are included in this great lesson, there is nothing for you to do but print the activity sheet (if required) and enjoy teaching it. Thank you for looking, your feedback would be much appreciated! :) Lesson 5 in a series of 5. Happy teaching, Barclayfox.

Seasons, why they happen, northern hemisphere, sun’s height in the sky, day and night etc. Complete lesson. Seasons is number 3 in a series of 6 high quality lessons that fully and expertly delivers all the points within BOTH the NEW KS3 Department for Education ‘Space Physics’ National Curriculum and the AQA KS3 specification / syllabus sections ‘3.7.2 Universe’ and ‘3.1.2 Gravity’. NO PREPARATION REUIRED ! Simply submit the equipment list to your technicians and then the PPT will lead you step by step through the entire lesson. Recall why we have day and night. * Explain the seasons and the importance of the sun’s angle. * Explain why if it is summer in the UK, it is winter in Australia. * Compare the shadows and the suns positions in winter and summer. * Use new literacy words such as sphere, hemisphere, equator etc * Successfully complete a simple practical to explain summer and winter. STARTER Pupils will start the lessons by thinking and working in pairs in a race to solve a picture puzzle and work out what today’s lesson is about. After discussion that leads to revealing the title and lesson outcomes, students then self assess against their current understanding of this lesson. MAIN and MAIN and MAIN… This lesson is chunked into discrete sections to support learning and engender positive behaviour by keeping students interested and focused. All points of the specification are addressed. There are various student activities such as: demo, practical, gap fills, matching, paired work, literacy activities, focused questions with answers and differentiation, picture puzzle, mini test, homework, carefully selected video, self-assessment opportunities, peer assessment opportunities etc. This good variety of activities keeps pupils focused and happily learning. PLENARY: In the plenary activity pupils complete a matching activity and then peer assess it to uncover how much they have learnt during the lesson. They then self-assess themselves against the lesson outcomes. Students who need further support set themselves additional homework to enhance learning of today’s lesson. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES: These are provided just in case any group requires them. All resources are included in this excellent lesson, there is nothing for you to do but deliver it. Thank you for looking, your positive feedback would be very much appreciated :) This lesson is one of a series of 6: 1. Solar system, stars and galaxies and the universe. 2. Geocentric and heliocentric solar system models 3. Seasons. 4. Gravity, weight and mass. 5. Exploring and observing the universe. 6. The moon’s phases. For more lessons that meet the new KS3 and KS4 specifications please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. Happy teaching ! Barclayfox.

Worksheets on KS3 space. worksheets, activities, and card sort etc (6 + 6 associated Answer sheets) as follows: My weight on other planets - Worksheet and Answer sheet (differentiation via a ‘challenge mission’). Phases of the moon - Activity sheet with a PowerPoint giving the answers one by one (differentiated). . Heliocentric versus Geocentric (models of the solar system) - Activity sheet and Answer sheet (differentiated). Light and space - Question sheet with Answer sheet (can be used in class or given as homework). Life cycle of stars - card sort. Life cycle of stars - worksheet and Answer sheet (differentiated). Also, please note that complete and ready to use high quality lessons for all of the KS3 space and gravity and the universe topic are also available from me. To find them, in the resources search box simply type, barclayfox and a few words from the lesson list below to see the lessons. 1. Solar system, stars and galaxies and the universe. 2. Geocentric and heliocentric solar system models 3. Seasons. 4. Gravity, weight and mass. 5. Exploring and observing the universe. 6. The moon’s phases. * Life cycle of a star * Eclipse Happy teaching ! Barclayfox.

This is a powerpoint navigated lesson that works on many levels. It leads students to consider what they want to improve and then gives them a simple but magical tool to do it in the form of a scorecard. Particularly useful for tutor time, or for New Years Resolutions or for any reflection and target setting or goal setting. It can be focused on school targets and be used to encourage students to take responsibility for their own learning and achieving progress. Useful for students and also for teacher’s - I’m much more organised and self disciplined now I use my scorecard ! :-) Could even be used as an active assembly - each student would simply need a scorecard and a pen to participate. Both the Powerpoint and excel files are fully editable. Happy teaching Barclayfox.

Rocket building activity using straws and balloons, great fun. Fully scaffolded PowerPoint so no work required other than to find the straws and balloons. Enjoyment while learning.

Full lesson, no work required, fully scaffolded in the PowerPoint - just get your lolly sticks ready! Fun activity - building a catapult. The PowerPopint is Christmas themed throughout and the activity is based around saving Christmas from an invasion of Zombie Santas. It can be part of a team building lesson or just some fun.

Observing the stars and space exploration, light years, telescopes, probes, landers. Complete KS3 lesson. ‘Observing and exploring’ is number 5 in a series of 6 high quality lessons that fully and expertly delivers all the points within BOTH the NEW KS3 Department for Education ‘Space Physics’ National Curriculum and the AQA KS3 specification / syllabus sections ‘3.7.2 Universe’ and ‘3.1.2 Gravity’. IT IS COMPLETE AND READY TO USE: All resources are included in this excellent powerpoint lesson, there is nothing for you to do but deliver it. Zero preparation time, project and go ! ‘OBSERVING AND EXPLORING’ - STUDENT OUTCOMES: By the end of the lesson students will be able to: * Understand what a ‘light year’ is. * Explain how large the universe is compared to the earth. * Apply understanding of the ‘speed of light’ * Describe ways of discovering the universe from the earth. * Explain how probes can be used to explore the universe. STARTER Pupils will start the lessons by thinking and working in pairs in a race to solve a picture puzzle and work out what today’s lesson is about. After discussion that leads to revealing the title and lesson outcomes. Students then self assess their current (pre-lesson) understanding of the things on the outcomes list. MAIN and MAIN and MAIN… This lesson is chunked into discrete sections to support learning and engender positive behaviour by keeping students interested and focused. All points of the specification are addressed. There are various student activities such as: gap fills, matching, paired work, literacy activities, focused questions with answers and differentiation (“challenge missons”), picture puzzle, homework, carefully selected video, self-assessment opportunities, peer assessment opportunities etc. This good variety of activities keeps pupils focused and happily learning. PLENARY: In the plenary activity pupils complete a matching activity and then peer assess it to uncover how much they have learnt during the lesson. They then self-assess themselves against the lesson outcomes. Students who need further support set themselves additional homework to enhance learning of today’s lesson. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES: These are provided just in case any group requires them. THANK YOU FOR LOOKING: Thank you for taking the time to look, your positive feedback would be very much appreciated :) THIS IS ONE OF A SERIES OF 6 LESSONS: 1. Solar system, stars and galaxies and the universe. 2. Geocentric and heliocentric solar system models 3. Seasons. 4. Gravity, weight and mass. 5. Exploring and observing the universe. 6. The moon’s phases. MORE HIGH QUALITY LESSONS: For more lessons that meet the new KS3 and KS4 specifications please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. Happy teaching ! Barclayfox.

High quality, complete and ready to use lesson. For use in KS3 and for lower and middle ability groups in KS4. ‘‘LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR’’ - STUDENT OUTCOMES: By the end of the lesson students will be able to: * Recall space facts such as what planets, moon, stars and galaxies are * Understand new key words such as nebula, red giant, white dwarf etc. * Describe the life cycle of stars of similar mass to our sun. * Describe the life cycle of stars of much larger mass than our sun. * Compare and contrast the 2 life cycles. STARTER Pupils will start the lessons by thinking and working in pairs in a race to solve a mini quiz. After discussion of the answers this leads to revealing the title and lesson outcomes, students then self assess their current understanding of what this lesson is going to cover. MAIN and MAIN and MAIN… This lesson is chunked into discrete sections to support learning and engender positive behaviour by keeping students interested and focused. All points of the specification are addressed. There are various student activities such as: unique activity sheet, carefully selected video, paired work, literacy activities, focused questions with answers and differentiation, quiz, homework worksheet, gap fill, self-assessment and peer assessment opportunities etc. This good variety of activities keeps pupils focused and happily learning. PLENARY: In the plenary activity pupils complete an activity sheet then peer assess it to uncover how much they have learnt during the lesson. They then self-assess themselves against the lesson outcomes. Students who need further support set themselves additional homework to enhance learning of today’s lesson. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES: These are provided just in case any group requires them. OTHER BARCLAYFOX SPACE LESSONS FOR STUDENTS BETWEEN 10 YEARS AND 14 YEARS OLD: * Solar system, stars and galaxies and the universe. * Geocentric and heliocentric solar system models * Seasons. * Gravity, weight and mass. * Exploring and observing the universe. * The moon’s phases. * Eclipse * Space travel * Observations of the universe * Day and night MORE HIGH QUALITY LESSONS: For more lessons that meet the new KS3 and KS4 specifications please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. Happy teaching ! Barclayfox.

Moon’s phases, phases of the moon, waxing, waning, gibbous, crescent. Complete KS3 lesson. ‘The Moon’s phases’ ‘‘THE MOON’S PHASES’’ - STUDENT OUTCOMES: By the end of the lesson students will be able to: * Use new literacy words e.g. waxing and waning. * Draw the different phases of the Moon. * Name the phases of the moon. * Explain why we see phases of the Moon. * Successfully complete a phases of the moon practical. STARTER Pupils will start the lessons by thinking and working in pairs in a race to solve a picture puzzle and work out what today’s lesson is about. After discussion that leads to revealing the title and lesson outcomes, students then self assess against their current understanding of this lesson. MAIN and MAIN and MAIN… This lesson is chunked into discrete sections to support learning and engender positive behaviour by keeping students interested and focused. All points of the specification are addressed. There are various student activities such as: practical, unique activity sheet, animation, carefully selected video, paired work, literacy activities, focused questions with answers and differentiation, picture puzzle, quiz, homework, gap fill, self-assessment and peer assessment opportunities etc. This good variety of activities keeps pupils focused and happily learning. PLENARY: In the plenary activity pupils complete a quiz and then peer assess it to uncover how much they have learnt during the lesson. They then self-assess themselves against the lesson outcomes. Students who need further support set themselves additional homework to enhance learning of today’s lesson. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES: These are provided just in case any group requires them. COMPLETE AND READY TO USE: All resources are included in this excellent lesson, there is nothing for you but order the equipment (list is provided), photocopy the unique activity sheet and deliver the lesson. THANK YOU FOR LOOKING: Thanks for looking, your positive feedback would be very much appreciated :) THIS IS ONE OF A SERIES OF 6 LESSONS: 1. Solar system, stars and galaxies and the universe. 2. Geocentric and heliocentric solar system models 3. Seasons. 4. Gravity, weight and mass. 5. Exploring and observing the universe. 6. The moon’s phases. MORE HIGH QUALITY LESSONS: For more lessons that meet the new KS3 and KS4 specifications please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. Happy teaching ! Barclayfox.

High quality, complete and ready to use lesson. For use in KS3 and for lower and middle ability groups in KS4. ‘‘ECLIPSES’’ - STUDENT OUTCOMES: By the end of the lesson students will be able to: * Understand new key words such as eclipse, umbra, penumbra etc. * Understand what solar and lunar eclipses are. * Be able to explain what happens during a solar and lunar eclipse * Be able to draw diagrams of a solar and a lunar eclipse. STARTER Pupils will start the lessons by thinking and working in pairs and doing a mini quiz. After discussion of the answers this leads on to revealing the title and lesson outcomes, students then self assess their current understanding of what this lesson is going to cover. MAIN and MAIN and MAIN.... This lesson is chunked into discrete sections to support learning and engender positive behaviour by keeping students interested and focused. All points of the specification are addressed. There are various student activities such as: practical, gap fill, carefully selected videos, paired work, literacy activities, focused questions with answers and differentiation, SMSC, quiz, homework, self-assessment and peer assessment opportunities etc. This good variety of activities keeps pupils focused and happily learning. PLENARY: In the plenary activity pupils complete an activity then peer assess it to uncover how much they have learnt during the lesson. They then self-assess themselves against the lesson outcomes. Students who need further support set themselves additional homework to enhance learning of today’s lesson. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES: These are provided just in case any group requires them. COMPLETE AND READY TO USE: All resources are included in this excellent lesson, there is nothing for you but order the practical kit and deliver the lesson. THANK YOU FOR LOOKING: Thanks for looking, your positive feedback would be very much appreciated :) OTHER BARCLAYFOX SPACE LESSONS FOR STUDENTS BETWEEN 10 YEARS AND 14 YEARS OLD: * Solar system, stars and galaxies and the universe. * Geocentric and heliocentric solar system models * Seasons. * Gravity, weight and mass. * Exploring and observing the universe. * The moon’s phases. * Eclipse * Space travel * Observations of the universe * Day and night MORE HIGH QUALITY LESSONS: For more lessons that meet the new KS3 and KS4 specifications please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. Happy teaching ! Barclayfox.

High quality, complete and ready to use lesson. For use in KS3 and for lower and middle ability groups in KS4. ‘‘LENSES, FOCAL LENGTH AND TELESCOPES’’ - STUDENT OUTCOMES: By the end of the lesson students will be able to: * Identify convex and concave lenses. * Explain that lenses cause refraction and explain what it is. * Draw a ray diagram for convex and concave lenses. * Explain how to measure the focal length of a lens. * Explain how a telescope works. STARTER Pupils will start the lessons by thinking about the outcomes presented and then self- assessing their current understanding of what this lesson is going to cover. This engages the students as they are actively thinking, and this then facilitates self-assessment of their individual progress at the end of the lesson. MAIN and MAIN and MAIN.... This lesson is chunked into discrete sections to support learning and engender positive behaviour by keeping students interested and focused. There are various student activities such as: practical / experiment, differentiated worksheet for the practical, gap fill, paired work, literacy activities, numeracy (differentiation), focused questions with answers and differentiation, quiz, homework, self-assessment and peer assessment opportunities etc. This good variety of activities keeps pupils focused and happily learning. PLENARY: In the plenary activity pupils complete an activity then peer assess it to uncover how much they have learnt during the lesson. They then self-assess themselves against the lesson outcomes. Students who need further support set themselves additional homework to enhance learning of today’s lesson. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES: These are provided just in case any group requires them. COMPLETE AND READY TO USE: All resources are included in this excellent lesson, there is nothing for you but order the practical kit, photocopy the 2 differentiated activity sheets and deliver the lesson. THANK YOU FOR LOOKING: Thanks for looking, your positive feedback would be very much appreciated :) OTHER BARCLAYFOX SPACE LESSONS FOR STUDENTS BETWEEN 10 YEARS AND 14 YEARS OLD: * Solar system, stars and galaxies and the universe. * Geocentric and heliocentric solar system models * Seasons. * Gravity, weight and mass. * Exploring and observing the universe. * The moon’s phases. * Eclipse * Space travel * Observations of the universe * Day and night * Lenses, focal length and telescopes. MORE HIGH QUALITY LESSONS: For more lessons that meet the new KS3 and KS4 specifications please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. Happy teaching ! Barclayfox.

Complete KS3 Biology lesson 4 KEY STUDENT OUTCOMES: Recall what antibiotics are and what they do… Describe some methods for preventing the spread of bacterial infection… Explain what is meant by antibiotic resistance and superbugs… Challenge Mission: Demonstrate (using diagrams) how superbugs proliferate. STARTER Pupils start the lessons by working together to unscramble words that lead them to thinking about what the lesson is about. Next they think about the Los and self-assess against their current understanding of this topic and undertake a scientific literacy activity. MAIN and MAIN and MAIN… This lesson is ‘chunked’ into discrete sections to support learning and create positive behaviour by keeping students interested and focused. There is a very good variety of interesting student activities such as: up and about, gap fill, matching, literacy activities, quick quiz, recall, think/pair/share, questions with answers, self-assessment and peer assessment opportunities etc etc. PLENARY Learners self assess and reflect on their progress against the lesson outcomes. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES A good variety of extension activities are provided just in case any group you teach requires them. Thank you for looking, this lesson will save you a huge amount of time and effort, if you choose to buy, your positive feedback on tes would be very much appreciated :) Other Barclayfox lessons in this series: 0. Bundle – contains all lessons (if available, not all series are bundled). 1. Vaccinations – lesson 1. (Vaccinations, immunity and Edward Jenner) 2. Vaccinations – lesson 2. (Advantages & disadvantages of vaccinations, how pathogens spread etc) 3. Antibiotics - lesson 1. (Medicines, Fleming, penicillin and selecting an appropriate antibiotic) 4. Antibiotics - lesson 2. (Antibiotic resistance, super bugs, MRSA, resistant bacteria) 5. DNA & Darwin & evolution & Peer review. (Discovery of the structure of DNA, evolution etc) 6. Preventing extinction. (Preventing extinction, conservation, seed banks, captive breeding etc) 7. Revision lesson. (Vaccines, antibiotics, DNA, Evolution, extinction etc) Happy teaching ! Barclayfox. Search Words: Superbugs, super bugs, resistance, resistant, antibiotics, Penicillin, Bio, Biology, Alexander Fleming, medicines, virus, bacteria, Doctor, nurse, medicine, syringe, petri dish, microscope, MRSA, science, scientific methodology, smallpox, cowpox, antibodies, illness, ill, cure, pathogen, antibody.

Complete and ready to use high quality KS3 Biology lesson There is nothing for you to do but deliver it ! STUDENTS LEARN TO: * Describe how a person develops immunity. * Explain how vaccinations work. * Compare the advantages and disadvantages of vaccinations. * Investigate the spread of a pathogen by doing an experiment / practical * Analyse the meaning of the experiment. STARTER Pupils will start the lessons by thinking and working in pairs in a race to name as many of the body’s defences against infection as they can. This leads to revealing the title and lesson outcomes and then students think more deeply as they self-assess against their current understanding of this topic. MAIN and MAIN and MAIN… This lesson is ‘chunked’ into discrete sections to support learning and create positive behaviour by keeping students interested and focused. There are various interesting student activities such as a practical experiment, gap fills, matching, play ball, literacy activity, questions with answers, recall, think/pair/share, quiz, self-assessment and peer assessment opportunities, up and about game etc. PLENARY In the plenary activity pupils complete a gap fill activity to uncover how much they have learnt during the lesson. Next they self assess and reflect on their progress against the lesson outcomes. Students who need further support set themselves additional homework to enhance the learning in today’s lesson. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES A good variety of extension activities are provided just in case any group you teach requires them. Thank you for looking, this lesson will save you a huge amount of prep. time. :) Other Barclayfox lessons in this series: 0. Bundle – contains all lessons (if available, not all series are bundled). 1. Vaccinations – lesson 1. (Vaccinations, immunity and Edward Jenner) 2. Vaccinations – lesson 2 - this lesson. 3. Antibiotics - lesson 1. 4. Antibiotics - lesson 2. 5. DNA, Darwin, evolution and Peer review. 6. Preventing extinction. 7. Revision lesson. For more great lessons please type Barclayfox into the tes resources search engine to see all my lessons. Happy teaching ! Barclayfox. Search Words: vaccine, vaccination, immunity, immune, virus, bacteria, role, Edward Jenner, medicine, antibiotics, science, scientific methodology, smallpox, cowpox, antibodies, illness, ill, cure, blood, white blood cell, fungus, germ, germs, disease, roll, MMR, Mumps, Measles, Rubella, vaccination, German measles, HPV, human papilloma virus, cancer, immune system, injection, droplet, pathogen, antibody, skin, stomach acid, primary defences, etc